3BSE018283R1 CI522A 接口模块

　　水和能源使用是冷却塔的两个运营成本驱动因素。蒸发损失的冷凝水需要更换，并且消耗能量来运行塔的风扇和泵。带有自动控制系统的冷却塔旨在以效率运行，从而限度地降低这些运营成本并降低风扇和泵设备的维护和维修成本。

　　基于湿球温度的设定点

　　与 HVAC 系统的其余部分一样，冷却塔由控制系统操作，该控制系统使用设定点来管理操作。HVAC 系统最常见的设定点是的温度和湿度上限和下限。冷却塔控制基于单个下限设定点室外湿球温度。

　　当环境变量——相对湿度、水蒸汽饱和压力和温度——达到液态水不能蒸发到空气中的程度时，蒸发冷却的好处就会停止。室外湿球温度是纯粹通过蒸发冷却可以达到的温度，也是离开塔的工艺水可能的温度。湿球温度总是小于或等于干球温度或环境空气温度。

　　“冷却塔的设计目的是在特定位置在一定范围内的湿球温度下运行。塔运营商需要能够回答“湿球温度是多少？”这个问题。如果他们不能回答这个问题，他们就没有使用的运营衡量标准，”美国 WPI 的国际能效顾问 Tim Wilcox 说

　　露点温度是一个选项

　　露点是冷凝开始的温度。这是空气完全被水蒸气饱和并形成液态水的温度。对于在冷却塔控制系统中使用，露点温度是湿球温度的下一个测量值，因为它测量的是水冷凝（不蒸发）的温度，并且与该温度下空气中的水蒸气量相关。与湿球温度一样，露点温度始终小于或等于干球温度。

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　　Water and energy use are two operational cost drivers of a cooling tower. Condenser water lost to evaporation needs to be replaced and energy is consumed to run the tower’s fans and pumps. A cooling tower with an automated control system is designed to operate at peak efficiency, minimizing these operational costs and reducing maintenance and repair costs to fan and pump equipment.

　　Set Point Based on Wet-bulb Temperature

　　Like the rest of the HVAC system, the cooling tower is operated by a control system that uses set points to govern operations. The most common set points for HVAC systems are specified upper and lower limits of temperature and humidity. Cooling tower controls are based on a single lower-limit set point, outdoor wetbulb temperature.

　　Evaporative cooling benefits cease when a combination of environmental variables – relative humidity, water vapor saturation pressure, and temperature – reach a point where liquid water cannot vaporize into the air. Outdoor wet-bulb temperature is the lowest temperature that can be achieved purely by evaporative cooling and is the lowest possible temperature of the process water leaving the tower. Wet-bulb temperature is always less than or equal to the dry-bulb, or ambient air, temperature.

　　“Cooling towers are designed to operate to a range of wet-bulb temperatures in a certain location. Tower operators need to be able to answer the question ‘What is the wet-bulb temperature?’ If they can’t answer that question, they are not using the best measurement for their operations,” says Tim Wilcox, an international energy efficiency consultant with U.S.-based WPI

　　Dew Point Temperature is an Option

　　Dew point is the temperature where condensation begins. This is the temperature at which air becomes fully saturated with water vapor resulting in the formation of liquid water. For use in cooling tower control systems, dew point temperature is the next best measurement to wet-bulb temperature since it measures a temperature where water is condensing (not vaporizing) and it correlates with the amount of water vapor in the air at that temperature. Like wet-bulb temperature, dew point temperature is always less than or equal to the dry-bulb temperature.