GJR2368900R1545 87TS01 ABB模拟量输入模块

　　5G 新无线电 (NR) 的设计从一开始就完全支持作为原生技术的大规模 MIMO。Massive MIMO 提供的覆盖范围、容量和用户吞吐量大幅增加，使其迅速成为蜂窝网络部署的自然和重要组成部分。

　　大规模 MIMO（多输入、多输出）无线电是在中频 TDD 频谱上部署新 5G 的无线电解决方案。使用更多无线电链的能力——例如 16-64，与传统无线电解决方案中通常使用的 2-8 相比——使得通信服务提供商 (CSP) 可以从多天线技术中显着受益。

　　尽管大规模 MIMO 仍然是一项相对较新的技术——这个术语大约十年前在学术界出现，大约五年后个商业解决方案进入市场——但该技术已经迅速成熟，能够创建具有成本效益的解决方案，这些解决方案是体积小，重量轻。当今市场上的大多数大规模 MIMO 解决方案已经经历了多代硬件，通常具有用于波束成形和物理层处理的优化的专用集成电路。它们有多种不同的模型，针对各种部署场景进行了优化 [1, 2, 3]。

　　预计 5G 网络在容量和用户体验方面将超越当今的 4G 网络，以满足永无止境的流量增长和不断上升的期望，不仅在移动宽带服务方面，而且在 XR（扩展现实）等新服务方面。

　　考虑到这一点，CSP 可以通过三种方式提高容量和用户吞吐量：提高现有频段的频谱效率、添加新频谱以及通过更多站点来致密网络 [3]。与获取和维护新站点相关的高成本意味着通常只有在其他两个替代方案都用尽后才能做出密集网络的决定。

　　通常首先探索提高频谱效率，因为它与成本相关。但是，几乎可以肯定需要额外的频谱来满足 5G 性能要求。许多国家已经为 5G 部署发布了大量新频谱，这些频谱有可能释放大量容量。但是，该频谱通常位于更高的频段，例如 3.5GHz，与用于 4G 的频率相比，无线电传播更具挑战性。在现有站点上有效使用该频谱的方法是使用提供更好覆盖范围的无线电解决方案。

　　从用户的角度来看，网络的所有部分对吞吐量的要求通常是相似的。然而，从网络的角度来看，不同站点服务的小区在大小和流量负载方面可能会有很大差异，这意味着对覆盖和容量的不同要求。在所有环境中都可以找到具有高、中或低流量负载的小区。

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　　5G networks are expected to outperform today’s 4G networks in terms of capacity and user experience to cater for never-ending traffic growth and rising expectations, not only on mobile broadband services but also on new services such as XR (extended reality).

　　With this in mind, there are three ways a CSP can improve capacity and user throughput: by improving the spectral efficiency of existing frequency bands, by adding new spectrum and by densifying the network with more sites [3]. The high cost associated with acquiring and maintaining new sites means the decision to densify the network is typically only made when the other two alternatives have been exhausted.

　　Improving spectral efficiency is typically explored first, as it is associated with the least cost. However, additional spectrum will almost certainly be needed to meet 5G performance requirements. Many countries have released substantial amounts of new spectrum for 5G deployments that have the potential to unlock vast amounts of capacity. However, this spectrum is usually on a higher frequency band, such as 3.5GHz, with more challenging radio propagation compared with the frequencies used for 4G. The only way to efficiently use this spectrum on existing sites is with radio solutions that provide improved coverage.

　　From a user perspective, the requirements on throughput are often similar in all parts of the network. From a network perspective, however, the cells served by different sites may differ greatly in terms of size and traffic load, implying varying requirements on coverage and capacity. Cells with high, medium or low traffic load can be found in all environments.

　　Furthermore, there are often considerable variations in traffic load for each site over time. The peak-hour load level for each cell together with the expected traffic growth over time set capacity requirements. A site must handle the expected traffic load over the entire investment cycle, which is typically five to seven years.

　　In addition to the performance requirements, there are deployment-related requirements to consider for some sites. The most important of these constraints are ease of deployment and cost efficiency. Ease of deployment includes aspects such as size, weight and the visual impact of the equipment. Cost efficiency in terms of both capex (that is, the cost of site equipment) and opex (site rental and energy consumption costs, among others) is always important, as the investments that the CSP makes are expected to provide sufficient value. A commonly used metric for cost efficiency is cost per capacity, which provides a trade-off between the cost of the product itself and the value it offers in terms of network performance.

　　In short, the network requirements in terms of coverage, capacity and ease of deployment vary for different sites in the network. Using the same radio solutions at all sites would be neither cost-efficient nor feasible, which is why different radio solutions are available.