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　　控制理论，与控制某些物理过程和系统相关的应用数学领域。尽管控制理论与经典数学领域有着深厚的联系，例如变分法和微分方程理论，但它直到 1950 年代末和 1960 年代初才成为一个独立的领域。当时工程中出现的问题经济学被认为是微分方程和变分法中问题的变体，尽管现有理论并未涵盖它们。起初，设计了对经典技术和理论的特殊修改来解决个别问题。然后人们认识到这些看似不同的问题都有相同的数学结构，控制理论应运而生。

　　只要人类文化存在，控制就意味着某种对环境的权力。例如，楔形文字碎片表明，至少在公元前20 世纪，控制美索不达米亚的灌溉系统是一门成熟的艺术。希腊罗马文化中有一些巧妙的控制装置，其中的细节得到了保留。风车自动运行的方法至少可以追溯到欧洲中世纪。然而，如果没有高水平的技术复杂性，控制理念的大规模实施是不可能的，现代控制的原理直到 19 世纪才开始演变，与工业革命同时发生. 对这一领域的严肃科学研究是在二战之后才开始的。

　　尽管控制有时等同于反馈控制的概念（涉及信息的传输和返回）——一个孤立的工程发明，而不是一门科学学科——但现代用法更倾向于这个术语的更广泛的含义。例如，控制理论将包括机器的控制和调节、生物有机体中的肌肉协调和新陈代谢、假肢装置的设计，以及社会领域协调活动的广泛方面，如优化商业运作，通过政策控制经济活动，甚至通过民主程序控制政治决策。如果物理学是理解物理环境的科学，那么控制理论可以被视为在物理、生物甚至社会意义上修改该环境的科学。

　　控制甚至比物理学更重要，它是一门以数学为导向的科学。控制原理总是以数学形式表达，并且可能适用于任何具体情况。同时，必须强调的是，能否成功使用抽象的控制原理大致相同地取决于特定应用领域的基础科学知识，无论是工程学、物理学、天文学、生物学、医学、计量经济学、或任何社会科学。

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　　control theory, field of applied mathematics that is relevant to the control of certain physical processes and systems. Although control theory has deep connections with classical areas of mathematics, such as the calculus of variations and the theory of differential equations, it did not become a field in its own right until the late 1950s and early 1960s. At that time, problems arising in engineering and economics were recognized as variants of problems in differential equations and in the calculus of variations, though they were not covered by existing theories. At first, special modifications of classical techniques and theories were devised to solve individual problems. It was then recognized that these seemingly diverse problems all had the same mathematical structure, and control theory emerged.

　　As long as human culture has existed, control has meant some kind of power over the environment. For example, cuneiform fragments suggest that the control of irrigation systems in Mesopotamia was a well-developed art at least by the 20th century BC. There were some ingenious control devices in the Greco-Roman culture, the details of which have been preserved. Methods for the automatic operation of windmills go back at least to the European Middle Ages. Large-scale implementation of the idea of control, however, was impossible without a high level of technological sophistication, and the principles of modern control started evolving only in the 19th century, concurrently with the Industrial Revolution. A serious scientific study of this field began only after World War II.

　　Although control is sometimes equated with the notion of feedback control (which involves the transmission and return of information)—an isolated engineering invention, not a scientific discipline—modern usage favours a wider meaning for the term. For instance, control theory would include the control and regulation of machines, muscular coordination and metabolism in biological organisms, and design of prosthetic devices, as well as broad aspects of coordinated activity in the social sphere such as optimization of business operations, control of economic activity by government policies, and even control of political decisions by democratic processes. If physics is the science of understanding the physical environment, then control theory may be viewed as the science of modifying that environment, in the physical, biological, or even social sense.

　　Much more than even physics, control is a mathematically oriented science. Control principles are always expressed in mathematical form and are potentially applicable to any concrete situation. At the same time, it must be emphasized that success in the use of the abstract principles of control depends in roughly equal measure on basic scientific knowledge in the specific field of application, be it engineering, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, econometrics, or any of the social sciences.