3BSE020520R1 ABB CI810B现场总线通讯

　　工业应用无人机的飞行力学和控制

　　工业无人机、商用无人机和无人机以不同的速度和高度运行，具有不同的性能特征和飞行剖面。因此，在为工厂环境设计无人机时，有必要考虑环境。由于该装置通常是一个更小、更封闭的空间，RPA 的飞行操作通常是为更有限的燃料供应而设计的。为此，可以绘制重量与功率与飞行时间的关系，以揭示与电池寿命和运行所需范围相关的经验数据。

　　装有传感器的无人机的总重量决定了电池寿命。重量越大，传感器消耗的功率就越多。它还很大程度上取决于功能传感器的数量。标准的消费级无人机可以运行 20 分钟。然而，工业无人机可以在任何地方运行 20 分钟到几个小时。无人机则不同，因为它们可能使用化学推进器进行推进。为了改善飞行特性，尤其是飞行时间和航程，工程师希望提高电池的能量密度。

　　控制在无人机操作的成功中起着重要作用。控制模式的创新是超视距 (BVLOS) 操作，这是一个能够控制超出飞行员视线的飞行的系统。尽管大多数国家不允许在工业环境中使用 BVLOS，但正在尝试证明 BVLOS 用于无人机的安全性和效率。之所以这样做，是因为 VLOS 检查有其明显的局限性。

　　例如，BVLOS 将让电网人员监控较长走廊范围内的电缆线路。这适用于其他关键基础设施。然而，在 2018 年之前，此类申请中的 BVLOS 将获得批准。美国联邦航空管理局或 FAA（美国）和民航总局局长或 DGCA（印度）等组织制定了拥有和操作无人机的指南、限制和协议。

　　结论

　　RPA 控制系统和自动化环境中的飞行动力学的创新导致微控制器使用廉价、轻质的材料。联网无线通信 (IoT) 正在创造独特的无人机，它们可以协调并以大型编队和集群飞行，以有效应对工业形势（甚至是灾难）。其中一些情况包括采矿或石油开采厂。

　　甲烷传感、水力压裂现场、桥梁检查、燃煤电厂的发电设施是无人机应用的其他示例。这种级别的互联 IIoT 环境使用一架无人机中的各种传感器来实现，这些传感器与其他无人机的传感器进行通信。DraganFly、英特尔和 Airobotics 是一些多年来一直为工业应用提供无人机的公司。

　　无人机是我们工业物联网网络、国防和安全以及商业空间的重要组成部分，并且可能很快会接管大部分人类活动。它也是实现工业 4.0 的重要组成部分。

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　　Flight Mechanics & Control of Drones for Industrial Applications

　　Industrial drones, commercial drones, and military drones operate at different speeds and heights, and have different performance characteristics and flight profiles. It is thus necessary to consider the environment while designing a drone for a factory setting. Due to the unit generally being a smaller, much enclosed space, the flight operation of a RPA is generally designed for a more limited fuel-supply. To this end, a weight versus power versus flight time can be drawn to reveal the empirical data related to battery life and range required for operation.

　　The overall weight of the sensor-laden drones determines battery life. The more the weight, the more the power consumed by the sensors. It also heavily depends on the number of functional sensors. A standard consumer drone can operate for 20 minutes. However, industrial drones can operate anywhere from 20 minutes to several hours. Military drones are a different case as they might be propelled using chemical propulsion. In order to improve flight characteristics, especially flight time and range, engineers look to increase the energy density of the battery.

　　Control plays a major role in the success of drone operations. The latest innovation in the mode of control is the Beyond-Visual-Line-Of-Sight (BVLOS) operation, which is a system that enables controlling the flight beyond the pilot’s visual line. Although most nations do not permit the use of BVLOS in industrial settings, attempts are being made to prove the safety and efficiency of BVLOS for UAVs. This is being done because VLOS inspections have their obvious limitations.

　　For example, BVLOS will let power grid personnel monitor cable lines over longer corridor stretches. And this operates to other critical infrastructure. However, it will not be before 2018 that the approval for BVLOS in such applications will be given. Organizations such as the Federal Aviation Administration or FAA (USA) and Director General of Civil Aviation or DGCA (India) lay the guidelines, restrictions and protocols for owning and operating UAVs.

　　Conclusion

　　Innovations in RPA control systems & flight dynamics in an automation setting are leading to the use of inexpensive, lightweight materials for microcontrollers. And networked wireless communications (IoT) are creating unique drones that can coordinate and fly in large formations and flocks to tackle an industrial situation (even calamities) efficiently. Some of the situations include a mining or oil extraction plant.

　　Methane sensing, fracking sites, bridge inspection, power generation facilities in coal-fired plants are other examples of UAV applications. This level of connected IIoT environment achieved using a variety of sensors in one drone that communicate with the sensors of other drones. DraganFly, Intel and Airobotics are some of the companies which have been supplying drones for industrial applications for several years.

　　UAVs form an essential component of our Industrial IoT network, our defense & security, and our commercial spaces, and might soon take over much of human activities. It is also an essential component in the realization of Industry 4.0.