ABB UT371A-S订货号GJR2317400R0002主板

　　伺服机构，用于通过误差感应反馈来校正机构性能的自动装置。伺服机构这一术语仅适用于反馈和误差校正信号控制机械位置或其导数之一（例如速度或加速度）的系统。伺服机构首先用于射击（瞄准）以及火控和海上导航设备。今天，伺服机构的应用包括在自动机床、卫星跟踪天线、望远镜上的天体跟踪系统、自动导航系统和高射炮控制系统中的应用。

　　在许多应用中，伺服机制允许大功率设备由来自低功率设备的信号控制。大功率设备的操作是由一个信号（称为误差或差异信号）产生的，该信号是由大功率设备的所需位置与其实际位置的比较产生的。控制信号的功率与受控设备的功率之比可以达到数十亿比一的量级。

　　所有伺服机构至少具有以下基本组件：受控设备，一个命令装置，一个错误检测器，一个误差信号放大器，以及一个设备来执行任何必要的纠错（伺服电机）。在受控设备中，被调节的通常是位置。因此，该设备必须具有某种产生信号（例如电压）的方法，称为反馈信号，表示其当前位置。该信号被发送到错误检测设备。命令设备通常从系统外部接收代表受控设备所需位置的信息。该信息被转换为系统可用的形式（例如电压），并被馈送到与来自受控设备的信号相同的错误检测器。误差检测器将反馈信号（代表实际位置）与指令信号（代表期望位置）进行比较。任何差异都会导致错误信号，该错误信号表示将受控设备带到其所需位置所需的校正。纠错信号被发送到放大器，放大后的电压用于驱动伺服电机，使受控设备重新定位。

　　使用伺服机构的典型系统是通信卫星——卫星地球站的跟踪天线。目的是使天线直接对准通信卫星，以便接收和发射最强的信号。实现此目的的一种方法是比较来自卫星的信号，这些信号由天线上的两个或更多个位置较近的接收元件接收。这些元件接收到的信号强度的任何差异都会导致将校正信号发送到天线伺服电机。这种连续反馈方法允许将地面天线瞄准地球上方 37,007 公里（23,000 英里）的卫星，度以百分之一厘米为单位。

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　　servomechanism, automatic device used to correct the performance of a mechanism by means of an error-sensing feedback. The term servomechanism properly applies only to systems in which the feedback and error-correction signals control mechanical position or one of its derivatives such as velocity or acceleration. Servomechanisms were first used in gunlaying (aiming) and in fire-control and marine-navigation equipment. Today, applications of servomechanisms include their use in automatic machine tools, satellite-tracking antennas, celestial-tracking systems on telescopes, automatic navigation systems, and antiaircraft-gun control systems.

　　In many applications, servomechanisms allow high-powered devices to be controlled by signals from devices of much lower power. The operation of the high-powered device results from a signal (called the error, or difference, signal) generated from a comparison of the desired position of the high-powered device with its actual position. The ratio between the power of the control signal and that of the device controlled can be on the order of billions to one.

　　All servomechanisms have at least these basic components: a controlled device, a command device, an error detector, an error-signal amplifier, and a device to perform any necessary error corrections (the servomotor). In the controlled device, that which is being regulated is usually position. This device must, therefore, have some means of generating a signal (such as a voltage), called the feedback signal, that represents its current position. This signal is sent to an error-detecting device. The command device receives information, usually from outside the system, that represents the desired position of the controlled device. This information is converted to a form usable by the system (such as a voltage) and is fed to the same error detector as is the signal from the controlled device. The error detector compares the feedback signal (representing actual position) with the command signal (representing desired position). Any discrepancy results in an error signal that represents the correction necessary to bring the controlled device to its desired position. The error-correction signal is sent to an amplifier, and the amplified voltage is used to drive the servomotor, which repositions the controlled device.

　　A typical system using a servomechanism is the communications-satellite–tracking antenna of a satellite Earth station. The objective is to keep the antenna aimed directly at the communications satellite in order to receive and transmit the strongest possible signal. One method used to accomplish this is to compare the signals from the satellite as received by two or more closely positioned receiving elements on the antenna. Any difference in the strengths of the signals received by these elements results in a correction signal being sent to the antenna servomotor. This continuous feedback method allows a terrestrial antenna to be aimed at a satellite 37,007 km (23,000 miles) above the Earth to an accuracy measured in hundredths of a centimetre.