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　　准确的测量和控制对于工厂中运行的每个过程都至关重要。它变得很有必要，因为它有助于确保生产、和处理过程等过程在正确的条件下以正确的时间和正确的数量进行，因此控制设备是每个工业过程的关键部分。

　　从历史上看，许多传统的控制过程依赖于机械或固态电子技术，最近气动技术的发展被用于产生过程的变化。随着计算机控制技术的各种进步，现在有一系列新的可能性可以监控过程的方式。其中包括使用复杂的算法，不仅能够对工艺条件的变化做出反应，而且还能越来越多地预测它们，从而能够自动采取纠正措施。

　　当今使用的工业过程种类繁多，这意味着存在许多不同类型的控制系统，每种控制系统都针对自己的特定应用。该过程是：离散过程，批处理过程，连续过程。

　　为了有效地运行这些不同的过程，使用了两种类型的控制系统，即

　　开环控制系统 - 通常称为“无反馈控制器”的开环控制器。这些控制器根据特定模型/已知条件集计算它们对系统的输入。这些控制器不使用来自过程的数据来改变其输出，并且无法弥补过程条件中的任何干扰。如果需要由操作员手动调整最终控制元件来实现工艺条件的任何变化。因此，开环控制系统最适合存在一组相对稳定的操作条件或这些条件可以由已知关系控制的过程。

　　闭环控制系统 - 现代控制理论以反馈为基础 - 即来自可用于更有效地控制它的过程的信号。闭环控制器使用反馈来控制系统或过程的状态或输出。术语“闭环”来自系统中的信息路径——系统的过程输入对过程输出产生影响，过程输出由传感器测量并由控制器处理。结果（控制信号）用作过程的输入，从而关闭循环。

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　　⑧Invensys Foxboro(福克斯波罗)：I/A Series系统，FBM(现场输入/输出模块)顺序控制、梯形逻辑控制、事故追忆处理、数模转换、输入/输出信号处理、数据通信及处理等。Invensys Triconex: 冗余容错控制系统、基于三重模件冗余(TMR)结构的现代化的容错控制器。

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　　⑩Bosch Rexroth(博世力士乐)：Indramat，I/O模块,PLC控制器,驱动模块等。

　　◆Motorola(摩托)：MVME 162、MVME 167、MVME1772、MVME177等系列。

　　PLC模块，可编程控制器，CPU模块，IO模块，DO模块，AI模块，DI模块，网通信模块，

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　　Accurate measurements and control is essential for every process to be run in a plant. It becomes necessary as it helps in ensuring the processes such as production, distribution and treatment processes which are carried out under the right conditions for the right amount of time and in the right quantities, thus control devices are a crucial part of every industrial process.

　　Historically, many traditional control processes relied on either mechanical or solid state electronic technology, with recent developments in pneumatics being used to produce changes in the process. With various advances in computerized control technology, there are now a list of new possibilities for the way that processes can be monitored and controlled. These include the use of complex algorithms capable not only of reacting to changes in process conditions but also increasingly predicting them as well, enabling corrective action to be taken automatically.

　　The wide variety of industrial processes in use today means there are many different types of control systems, each of which are geared towards their own particular application. The process are: Discrete processes, Batch processes, Continuous processes.

　　To run these different processes efficiently and effectively, two types of control systems are used, namely

　　Open-loop control systems - Open loop controllers commonly known as 'non-feedback controllers'. These controllers compute their input into a system based on a specific model / known set of conditions. These controllers do not use data from the process to change their output and are unable to make up for any disturbances in process conditions. If there is any variations in process conditions which is required to be achieved by an operator manually adjusting the final control element. Thus, open loop control systems are best suited to processes where there is a relatively stable set of operating conditions or where these conditions can be governed by a known relationship.

　　Closed-loop control systems - Modern control theory is grounded on feedback - i.e. signals from a process that can be used to control it more effectively. A closed-loop controller uses feedback to control states or outputs of a system or process. The term 'closed-loop' comes from the information path in the system - process inputs to a system have an effect on the process outputs, which is measured with sensors and processed by the controller. The result (the control signal) is used as an input to the process, closing the loop.