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　　改造会变得笨拙或困难的另一个例子是存在技术障碍的情况。例如，如果您有一台在专有系统上运行的旧机器，并且想要从中提取数据。许多这些旧机器只能通过其板载 HMI 显示数据。要改变这一点，您需要构建一个自定义连接器和接口，尽管可能，这可能比它的价值更麻烦。我们再次看到需要进行仔细的成本效益分析。

　　但是，如果改造是个好主意呢？首先，如前所述，任何将新传感器添加到机器的改造都可能有用，只要在执行成本效益分析后发现它在网络中是有利的。但实际上还有其他一些与网络安全有关的好例子。

　　一种常见的网络安全改造是将通用工业协议或 CIP 安全代理附加到设备上。因此，为了提供一点背景知识，CIP 安全性只是一个系统，它通过请求供应商必须嵌入到设备中的特殊安全证书来验证网络上设备之间的通信，从而几乎不可能进行欺骗。当然，问题在于，许多旧设备可能没有在其固件中嵌入这些证书，因为它们是在网络安全不再像现在这样关注的时候出售的。这些代理可以附加到那些旧设备上，并可以为它们提供该安全证书。

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　　Another example of a situation wherein a retrofit would be unwieldly or difficult is one where there are technological barriers. For example, if you had an older machine running on a proprietary system and wanted to pull data out of it. Many of these older machines can only display data through their onboard HMIs. To change that, you would need to build a custom connector and interface, which, while possible, might be more trouble than it's worth. Once again, we see that a careful cost-benefit analysis is required.

　　But what about a retrofit that WOULD be a good idea? First of all, as previously mentioned, any retrofit in which new sensors are addended to a machine could potentially be useful, so long as it is found to be advantageous in the net after that cost-benefit analysis is performed. But there are actually some other good examples that pertain to cybersecurity.

　　One common cybersecurity retrofit is attaching a common industrial protocol or CIP security proxy to a device. So just to provide a little bit of background, CIP security is just a system that verifies communication between devices on a network by requesting a special security certificate that must be embedded into the device by the vendor, making it nearly impossible to spoof. The problem is, of course, that many older devices may not have these certificates embedded in their firmware, since they were sold at a time when cybersecurity was not the same concern it is now. These proxies can be attached to those older devices, and can provide them with that security certificate.